Sugar, a crystalline substance used primarily as a sweetener in food and beverages, is derived chiefly from sugarcane and sugar beet. Being the most common form of carbohydrate, it usually refers to sucrose, a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, and is found naturally in most fruits and vegetables. Commercially, it is available in a range of types including granulated, powdered, and brown sugar, each having specific culinary applications.
The extraction and processing of sugar date back to ancient India, and its production has become an essential industry globally. Although providing a quickly available source of energy, excessive consumption of sugar has been linked to various health issues, including obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay, leading to the increased use of alternative sweeteners.